Which is the most effective recovery method after a match?

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Players at high level may be required to play 2 matches per week. Although physically they can’t do it for many weeks, fast recovery is important to long-term team success. For this reason, several recovery methods are being used in soccer and other team sports to speed up recovery.

Cold-water immersion and contrast therapy, stretching, bike and pool active recovery, use of compression garments, rehydration and carbohydrate (CHO)-protein sports drinks, low-fat, high-CHO milk and others are among the methods used. In recent years there is a lot of research for most of them but not for all. Indeed, the use of some methods is based solely on empirical knowledge.

Bahnert et al’s study (2012): What this paper adds?

A recent study by Bahnert and colleagues from Adelaide FC and the University of South Australia investigated the effect of different recovery methods on post-game recovery and next match performance. A full squad of 44 elite footballers was monitored weekly across a 23-game season. Players were free to choose of different recovery methods, like cold-water immersion and contrast therapy, floor and/or pool stretching, bike active recovery, pool active recovery and the use of compression garments. Physical and perceptual recovery was evaluated during the week and a physical test, to assess performance, was conducted 2 days after the match. Records of match performance rating were kept throughout the season.

What is the novelty of the study

-Players were free to choose the recovery method

-Performance and recovery were assessed throughout the season in elite players

What they found

1. Players who chose cold-water immersion, floor stretching, no active recovery, and the use of compression garments were more possible to report improved mental and physical recovery after a match compared with the other recovery modalities.
2. No association between recovery method and 2-day post match physical test performance.
3. No association between the recovery method and match performance rating.

Take-home message

• Some recovery methods like cold-water immersion, floor stretching, no active recovery, and the use of compression garments are associated with faster perceptual recovery in a real-life set-up. Other methods don’t.
• Fast perceptual recovery with these methods might not necessarily result in faster physical recovery.

Next question

Should elite players allowed to choose the recovery method they prefer or not? Should sport scientists force them to use the recovery method they believe is more effective or let them choose?

Source & recent paper in football

Bahnert et al. Association between post-game recovery protocols, physical and perceived recovery, and performance in elite AFL players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2012 Jun 20 [Epub ahead of print].

Rupp et al. The effect of cold water immersion on 48-hour performance testing in collegiate soccer players. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2012; 26: 2043–2050

Related posts in this blog

http://georgenassis.blogspot.gr/2011/12/low-fat-chocolate-milk-is-it-effective.html
http://georgenassis.blogspot.gr/2011/10/post-training-muscle-cooling-may.html
http://georgenassis.blogspot.gr/2011/07/omega-3-fatty-acids-supplementation-to.html

The 10-20-30 training concept for athletes and general population

It is well established in the literature that untrained individuals may improve their aerobic power with moderate to vigorous intensity continuous exercise training. For trained individuals, high intensity intermittent training (HIIT) has been shown to be beneficial for cardiac and, most importantly, muscular adaptations. Gibala and colleagues from the university of McMaster, Canada, developed a nice model of HIIT (Gibala et al., 2006). Last week I had the opportunity to watch the presentation by Professor Gibala during the congress of the European College of Sport Science at Bruges, Belgium. Professor Gibala showed data on the effect of 10 times 1-min bouts (95% of maximal heart rate) training on health. It is worth noting, however, that some athletes and especially non-athletes may not be able to sustain these 1-min bouts of high intensity. To increase compliance and consequently training-induced adaptations, Gunnarsson and Bagsbo (2012) from the University of Copenhagen presented the 10-20-30 training concept in a paper published this month in the Journal of Applied Physiology.

What is the training programme?

• The training programme consists of a 1.2 km warm-up at a low intensity followed by 3-4 times 5-min running with 2 min of rest between each bout. Each 5-min running period consists of repeated 30, 20, and 10 sec at intensities corresponding to <30%, < 60% and 90-100% of maximal intensity.
• Heart rate ranged between 82-87% of maximal in the 10-20-30 training group and averaged about 80% in the control group.
• Time spent at different heart rate zones were

                80-85% max: 3min in the 10-20-30 and 12min in the control group (CON)

                85-90% max: 6min in the 10-20-30 and 14min in CON

                >90%max: 13min the 10-20-30 and 0min in CON

What they found

1. VO2max increased in the 10-20-30 group but not in CON.
2. Performance in a 1,500-m and a 5-Km run improved by 21 and 48 sec, respectively in the 10-20-30 group. No change was found in the CON group.
3. Systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and LDL were reduced in 10-20-30 but not in the CON group. These findings are of practical significance for at least two reasons. Firstly, other studies show no reductions in blood pressure with moderate intensity exercise in normotensive individuals (Dipla et al., 2012). Secondly, it is difficult to observe a significant lowering of total cholesterol levels with continuous sub maximal exercise at least in the majority of studies (Nassis et al., 2005).   As Gunnarsson and Bagsbo (2012) state “…further studies are needed to examine the cause of these changes in blood cholesterol".

Take-home message

High-intensity intermittent running (alternating between 30-95% of maximal speed) might be a practical and time efficient tool to improve endurance performance, blood pressure and blood lipids.

Few issue for your consideration

1)      To my opinion this training should compliment and not replace conventional training programmes. The reason is that we still now little about the effect of this programme on other aspects like muscle capillarization.

2)      We don’t know what happens with well trained athletes.

3)      Compliance is an issue especially in unhealthy population. Indeed t is very difficult, especially for untrained and non-healthy individuals, to run at 90-100% of maximal speed.

For more reading

Dipla, Nassis and Vrabas. Blood pressure control at rest and during exercise in obese children and adults. Journal of Obesity 147385, 2012.

Gibala et al. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. Journal of Physiology 575: 901-911, 2006.

Gunnarson and Bangsbo. The 10-20-30 training concept improves performance and health profile in moderately trained runners. Journal of Applied Physiology 113: 16-24, 2012.

Nassis et al. Aerobic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity without changes in body weight, body fat, adiponectin, and inflammatory factors in overweight and obese girls. Metabolism 54: 1472-1479, 2005.